This paper, using Government and Binding Theory, deals with Resumptive pronouns in Persian. It is concluded that the Resumptive pronouns in genetive structures are obligatory. Such pronouns can be absent in genetive position of topicalized structures in the old and literary Persian. They are obligatory in prepositional structures too. The presence of prepositon before the head of relative clauses is possible, if in theq-grid of both relative and matrix clause verbs there existq -roles needing a joint preposition by which they are represented. Otherwise, the preposition must be stranded in the relative clause with a Resumptive pronoun in the complement position. Resumptive pronouns are optional in the object position of relative clauses but banned in topicalized structures. A trace is prefered in the unmarked subject position of relative clauses but Resumptive pronoun occurs when this position is focused and shows a sort of uniqueness. Relative element in Persian relative clauses is a non-overt operator coindexed with Resumptive pronouns or traces.Persian language is sensitive to complex noun phrase consraint, and accordingly, in cases where a Resumptive pronoun inside a complex noun phrase is coindexed with a non-overt operator out of that complex noun phrase and yet the structure is grammatical, it is concluded that no movement happens.So Persian Resumptive pronouns are base-generated.Non-clitic pronouns can not be Resumptive in topicalized structures.

ersian relative clause is a post-nominal subordinate clause; that is, Persian relative construction which can be followed by a demonstrative has ‘ Det N RC’ word order. The configuration of relative structure follows the base generated analysis: head noun base generated in the Spec, DP which is co-indexed with pronoun inside the relative clause. In the present study, it is proposed that a base generation analysis of the head noun and its optional determiner in the Spec of the complex DP accounts more adequately for Persian data than raising analysis. Unlike English relative construction which uses the null operator, Persian relative construction allows a gap and an optional clitic pronoun to represent the head noun within the relative clause. The study sought to provide evidence supporting the above mentioned analysis. It was found that the relative element which occupies the relative gap is the pronoun clitic agreeing ɸ-features with that of relative head noun.

The present study introduces and examines the characteristics of different types of Left Dislocation constructions in Persian language. Left Dislocation (LD) is a construction in which an element instead of being in its original position of sentence is located at the beginning of the clause and a Resumptive element takes its canonical place. This study, which is based on the criteria introduced by Cinqué,(1990) and Westbury (2016) to identify and determine the types of LD, shows that the Persian language has two types of such construction: Hanging Topic Left Dislocation (HTLD) and Clitic Left Dislocation (CLLD). In order to prove the existence of these two types of LD in Persian language, this research studies the structural differences of these two constructions from two aspects: syntactic connectivity and distributional constraints governing them. This study shows that in Persian there are more distributional constraints on HTDL than CLLD. On the other hand, there is less syntactic connectivity between the initial element and the continuation of the clause in HTLD compared with CLLD.

Left Dislocation (LD) refers to the syntactic phenomenon in which an element is moved from its underlying position and placed at the beginning of the clause. A Resumptive element occupies the underlying position of the LD-ed element. A primary objective of this study is to identify and investigate different types of Left dislocation constructions in Hawrami dialect, emphasizing their information structure. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data elicitation was conducted through interviews with native speakers. The data demonstrates that there exist two types of dislocation, that is, Clitic Left Dislocation and Contrastive Left Dislocation. Specifically, three main information functions are identified for Left Dislocation constructions: aboutness topic, contrastive topic and focus. In addition, Clitic Doubling and Topicalization as two constructions displaying surface resemblances to the Left Dislocation construction are discussed. Upon closer inspection, the identity hypothesis of Left Dislocation and Clitic Doubling is rejected.

Objective: CREB1 is an important downstream protein for many signaling pathways. By designing efficient siRNAs against CREB1, it may be possible to assess the role of molecules involved in signaling pathways in different cell types. In this research the efficiency of CREB1 knockdown by two different siRNAs in K562 cells has been studied. Materials and Methods: siRNAs have been designed according to the criteria suggested by Reynolds et al. K562 cells were transfected by siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000. The efficiency of CREB knockdown has been assessed by quantitative relative Real-time PCR. Results: Our results have shown that only one of the siRNAs has a high level of inhibitory effect on CREB1 gene expression. The expression of CREB1 by this siRNA was knocked-down by 87% in K562 cells. Conclusion: In this research, although two siRNAs were designed according to the Reynolds et al. criteria, only one showed an inhibitory effect. Reasons other than the aforementioned criteria may be involved in effectiveness of siRNAs.

Changes of up to 80°C has been reported for oral cavity temperature. This could well effecti on the nature of restorations for example failure of bonding of adhesive restorations. It is advocated that using opaque layer in porcelane to restorations could reduce this problem. This experimental study was designed to evaluate the effect mentioned using finitelement analysis method.Results showed that cooling has a more destructive effect than warming process restorations with the presence of opaque having a finitelement analysis effect on restorations.

Background and Aim: The movement of molars has been evaluated in many studies to correct Cl II malocclusion by non-compliance appliances but the results are controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the upper first and second molars' movement in cervical headgear (HG) and pendulum appliance (PEND) by finite element method.Materials & Methods: For modeling process, one of the best dry skulls was CT scanned (l mm slices). Modeling was done according to the mechanical properties of cortical and trabecular bone of maxilla and PDM and teeth and transferred to computer by scanner. elementing, meshing and loading was done. The magnitude of force for both appliances was 250 gr and line of force for HG was 20 degree above the occlusal plane action and for PEND was along the midlingual surface of upper first molar crown. Tooth movement analysis was performed by the software named Ansys 5.71.Results: The amount of dislocation of the 1st molar cusps tip (mesiobuccal, mesiopalatal, distobuccal, distopalatal) at presence of second molar in bucco-lingual dimension showed distal-in rotation in HG and mesial-in rotation for pendulum. In mesio-distal dimension, the four cusps of 1st molar moved distally in HG and palatal cusps moved more in PEND. In vertical dimension, 1st molar showed extrusion in HG and intrusion in PEND for distal cusps.Conclusion: The presence of second molar had impact on the quality of upper first molar in both appliances and it moved in a distal direction, extruded and buccal drifted in both of them. Therefore, with regard to the cooperation of the patients, pendulum appliance is recommended to correct Cl II malocclusion instead of cervical headgear.

Background: Since three decade ago, the application of the concept of finite element analysis (EEA) have received a keen interest among dental investigators. In practice the FEA provides detailed stress information regarding to a non-homogenious body such as craniofocal skeletal growth, tooth post ceramo-metal crowns and etc. The aim of this study was the determination of the influence of stress distribution at the cement interface of metal ceramic restoration-dentin. Materials and Methods: An idealized metal-ceramic crown model was developed. The model was divided into very small segments. Various loading conditions was applied to the model. A super sap software was used for analyzing the stress distribution. Results & Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the higher shear stress was developed in the cervical region by two dimensional methods.

Background and Aim: Considering the importance of the design of framework in the stress distribution and probability of creating initial cracks in connectors region, proper design of framework is considered as a requirement. For this purpose, in order to examine the stress distribution in two designs of straight and curved framework, comparison was made using FEM method.Materials and Methods: Research using a descriptive method of FEM was performed. A laboratory prototype was produced and was scanned in a digital form, using CMM equipment by the laboratory and a super spot from the geometry of the part was created. The super spot was transformed to a 3D solid model by utilizing Catia software. The above model was divided into a high number small elements, using Meshing method, by Abaqus software to analyze the finite elements. Afterwards, by Boundary Condition definition, the part was ready to be analyzed. The mechanical properties of Zirconia was entered into the software in the form of a table. Reviewing stress distribution in the bridge specially with the stress on connectors region was performed. Three vertical loading models for each part were applied in central and distal Fosa and analyzed separately.Results: In this study, the findings were described in the form of Von mises stress in Mpa scale. The stress in the Curved model was more than the Straight model. As a result, the stress distribution is more desirable.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the straight model showed a more desirable stress distribution compared with the curved model. However, it should be noted that these results were obtained in F.E. environment.